Global variability in flooding and risk of economic damage is influenced by the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), with higher or lower than normal damage occurring during ENSO years depending on geographical location, according to a study. ENSO is characterized by extended periods of above or below average sea surface temperatures west of South America and can cause extreme climate fluctuations around the world that sometimes result in severe weather events including hurricanes, flooding, or drought.
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